Prefacexv
Acknowledgmentsxvii
Introductionxix
Part I: Widgets1
1. Windows and Dialog Boxes3
Types of Windows4
Desktop4
Primary Windows6
Secondary Windows7
Toolbars and Palettes8
Parts of a Main Window9
Title Recommendations11
Control Panels13
How to Design Main Windows13
Form-Based Data-Entry Windows14
Conversational Windows21
Inquiry Windows28
Dialog Boxes33
Parts of a Dialog Box34
Types of Dialog Boxes35
Designing Dialog Boxes36
Moving from Character-Based Screens to Windows43
Too Much Furniture in the Windows43
Tiling versus Cascading44
Alignment May Become Harder to Do45
“How Much Room Do I Have?”45
References46
Resources47
Abbreviation Dictionaries47
Design Books and Periodicals48
Design Organizations49
Designing for and with Users50
General Sources of Information52
Official Interface Guidelines52
Online Design Resources54
2. Icons, Buttons, Pointers, and Cursors55
Icons55
Types of Icons56
How to Design Icons61
How to Design Toolbar Buttons63
Buttons65
Pushbuttons65
Radio Buttons66
Checkbuttons68
Sliders and Spin Buttons68
Pointers and Cursors69
Hotspots69
Types of Pointers70
Designing Pointers and Cursors76
Warping the Pointer: Arguments For and Against76
References77
Resources78
Books of Symbols and Pictures78
Graphic Design78
Programming Concerns79
3. Menus81
When to Use Menus82
Types of Menus83
How to Design Menus84
Depth and Breadth84
Order of Menu Items87
Defining Sensible Titles and Labels91
Menu Bar Titles91
Elements of Pull-Down Menus93
Pull-Down Menu Option Labels94
Avoiding Problems103
Proofreading: Cross-Menu Consistency103
Testing on Users104
Keyboard Shortcuts: Mnemonics and Accelerators105
Mnemonics105
Accelerators108
Accommodating Expert Users110
Expert Activation112
Pop-Up Menus112
Multiple-Select Options113
Command Lines114
Variations117
Audio Menus117
Multimedia Menus121
References123
Resources125
Adaptive Technologies, Audio125
Memory Systems125
Voice Messaging and Telecommunications126
Usability and Human Factors126
Part II: Text129
4. Messages131
Status Messages131
Unavoidable Delays132
How to Write Status Messages133
Progress Indicators133
Alert Messages135
How to Write Alert Messages135
Error Messages140
Slips versus Mistakes140
How to Write Error Messages141
Hazard Messages145
ANSI Safety Standards145
How to Write Hazard Messages147
Warning Sounds150
Loudness Level151
Starting Pulse151
Burst of Sound151
Complete Warning152
Programming Strategies for Messages153
References153
Resources155
Hazard Signs155
5. Online Help157
Online Help, Defined158
What to Put in Online Help160
Where to Start160
What Not to Put in Online Help161
Designing Context-Sensitive Help161
Titles for Help Panels162
Window-Level Help163
Object-Level Help170
Designing Reference Help174
Volume Problem175
Designing Quick Reference Guides175
Hypertext and Cross-Referencing177
Types of Links177
Glossary Links178
Cross-Reference Links179
Programming Issues180
Object-Oriented Programming and Help IDs182
Defining Help System Specifications184
Writing Online Help: A Short Style Guide184
Examples185
Grammar, Spelling187
Terminology194
Style198
References204
Resources205
Controlled English205
Dictionaries207
Grammar Help207
Help Systems208
Sources for Names210
Words as They’re Actually Used: Corpora211
Part III: Design213
6. International Software215
Why Consider International Development?215
Making Money215
Saving Money217
The International Market At Home218
Be Prepared219
Enabling Programs224
Isolate Text225
Let Text Expand229
Accommodate Different Formats232
Accommodate Other Writing Systems238
Standardizing the English244
Localizing Software (In Other Words, Translating)245
Hiring Translators246
References250
Resources253
Adaptive Technology253
Dictionaries and Other Resources253
Foreign-Language Translation258
International Organizations262
Software Development Resources and Books263
U.S. Government Publications and Services266
7. Charts and Graphs269
Parts of a Chart271
Axes272
Scales272
Window274
Labeling Charts274
Recommendations for Chart Labels274
Using Grids on Charts276
Helping Users Interpret the Numbers276
Area Charts277
Layout Guidelines278
Bar Charts279
Layout Guidelines279
Labeling Guidelines282
Visual Guidelines283
Variations284
Frequency Polygons and Histograms284
Frequency Polygons285
Histograms285
Variations286
Line Charts287
Layout Guidelines288
Visual Guidelines289
Variations290
Pie Charts293
Layout Guidelines293
Visual Guidelines294
Scatterplots296
Visual Guidelines296
Segmented Bar Charts298
Guidelines298
Variations299
Problems300
References302
Resources303
Charts in General303
Science and Medicine304
Statistics304
Finance305
8. Color and Pattern307
Why Use Color?307
Why Use Pattern?309
Color Confusions309
Un-Design for Clarity311
Background Color and Pattern312
Definitions312
Start with Black and White316
Pick the Background First317
Environmental Contrast317
Gray Replacements for Colors324
Foreground Color and Pattern328
Pick Meaningful Colors328
Use Pattern for Significance, Color for Reinforcement330
Pick Colors with Enough Contrast330
Avoiding Problems332
Problem: Comparing Widely Separated Colors332
Problem: Hues Change in Proximity to One Another333
Problem: Complementary Colors Flicker333
Problem: Contrasting Colors Create Intense Edges333
Problem: Color Does Not Make Type Stand Out333
Problem: Most Colors Aren’t Available334
References336
Resources337
Color and Light337
Color, Pattern, and Design338
Color Standards338
Programming Information339
Visual Impairment and Adaptive Technology339
9. Multimedia341
How to Create a Multimedia Application343
Planning and Coordination343
What Do Rights Have to Do with It?345
Art and Illustration346
Artists’ Organizations346
Directories of Artists and Illustrators347
Clip Art348
Cartoons350
Maps351
Reference Books352
Music and Sound353
Musicians354
Music Libraries and Clips355
Oral History357
Reference Books358
Photographs359
Photographers359
Photo Sources359
Video, Film, and Animation361
Film Makers and Videographers361
Film and Video Organizations362
Video Clips363
Hardware, Software364
Reference Books365
Resources366
Copyright366
Multimedia Conferences368
Multimedia and Design Organizations370
Multimedia Development Books371
Multimedia Periodicals372
Online Resources374
Schools Offering Multimedia374
Software Standards and Tools376
References379
Credits381
Software381
Hardware382
Glossary383
Index393
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